Operating Systems

Operating Systems#

Table of Contents#

Sections#

Resources#

[ h ] GNU

  • [ h ] coreutils

  • [ h ] diffutils

  • [ h ] findutils

  • [ h ] gdb

donnemartin/system-design-primer

YouTube#

  • [ y ] 04-01-2024. Binary Orbit. “Anatomy Of A System Call”.

  • [ y ] 06-14-2023. LECTURES FOR SLEEP & STUDY. “Introduction to Operating System | Full Course for Beginners Mike Murphy 🌚 Lecture for Sleep & Study”.

Terms#

  • [ w ] Adapter Pattern

  • [ w ] Address Space

  • [ w ] ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

  • [ w ] Anonymous Pipe

  • [ w ] Background Process

  • [ w ] [BIOS] Basic Input/Output System

  • [ w ] Batch Processing

  • [ w ] Binary File

  • [ w ] Boot

  • [ w ] Boot Sector

  • [ w ] Bootloader

  • [ w ] Call Stack

  • [ w ] Child Process

  • [ w ] Core Dump

  • [ w ] Context Switch

  • [ w ] CPU Time

  • [ w ] Crash

  • [ w ] Crash Reporter

  • [ w ] Daemon

  • [ w ] Device File

  • [ w ] DOS Disk Operating System

  • [ w ] Disk Partitioning

  • [ w ] DOS

  • [ w ] Embedded System

  • [ w ] Environment Variable

  • [ w ] Exit

  • [ w ] Exit Status

  • [ w ] Fatal System Error

  • [ w ] FDIR Fault Detection, Isolation, and Recovery

  • [ w ] File Descriptor

  • [ w ] File System Permissions

  • [ w ] FIFO First In First Out

  • [ w ] Flag

  • [ w ] Flow

  • [ w ] Fork

  • [ w ] Handle

  • [ w ] Hibernation

  • [ w ] IPC Inter Process Communication

  • [ w ] Interrupt

  • [ w ] Job Control

  • [ w ] Kernel

  • [ w ] Kernel Panic

  • [ w ] Kernel Space

  • [ w ] LIFO Last In First Out

  • [ w ] Login Session

  • [ w ] Magic Number

  • [ w ] Memory Segmentation

  • [ w ] Mounting

  • [ w ] Multitasking

  • [ w ] Named Pipe

  • [ w ] Network Socket

  • [ w ] Non-Blocking

  • [ w ] OS Operating System

  • [ w ] Orphan Process

  • [ w ] Page

  • [ w ] Page Table

  • [ w ] Parent Process

  • [ w ] Pipe

  • [ w ] POSIX Portable Operating System Interface

  • [ w ] Power Management

  • [ w ] Process

  • [ w ] PCB Process Control Block

  • [ w ] Process Group

  • [ w ] PID Process Identifier

  • [ w ] Protection Ring

  • [ w ] Queueing Theory

  • [ w ] Read-Modify-Write

  • [ w ] Reboot

  • [ w ] Redirection

  • [ w ] Scheduling

  • [ w ] Segmentation Fault

  • [ w ] Service Wrapper

  • [ w ] setgid

  • [ w ] setuid

  • [ w ] Shared Resource

  • [ w ] Shell

  • [ w ] Signal

  • [ w ] Sleep

  • [ w ] Spawn

  • [ w ] Stack

  • [ w ] Stack Trace

  • [ w ] stderr Standard Error

  • [ w ] stdin Standard Input

  • [ w ] stdout Standard Output

  • [ w ] Standard Strean

  • [ w ] System Call

  • [ w ] System Profiler

  • [ w ] Systems Programming

  • [ w ] Systems Theory

  • [ w ] Test-and-Set

  • [ w ] Thread

  • [ w ] TLB Translation Lookaside Buffer

  • [ w ] Unix Philosophy

  • [ w ] Unix-like

  • [ w ] User Space

  • [ w ] VFS Virtual File System

  • [ w ] Virtual Memory

  • [ w ] Wait

  • [ w ] Windows

  • [ w ] Year 2038 Problem

  • [ w ] Zombie Process

Keys

  • [ w ] Alternative Key (Alt)

  • [ w ] Arrow Keys

  • [ w ] Break Key

  • [ w ] Caps Lock Key

  • [ w ] Command Key (Cmd)

  • [ w ] Compose Key

  • [ w ] Control Key (Ctrl)

  • [ w ] Dead Key

  • [ w ] Delete Key (Del)

  • [ w ] Enter Key (Return)

  • [ w ] Function Key

  • [ w ] Keyboard Layout

  • [ w ] Keyboard Shortcut

  • [ w ] Modifier Key

  • [ w ] Option Key (Opt)

  • [ w ] Shift Key

  • [ w ] Tab Key

macOS vs Windows Primer#

  • [ y ] 11-21-2023. CHM Tech. “Simple Tasks in Windows 11 vs macOS Sonoma”.

Keyboard#

Common Name

Abbreviation

Symbol

HTML Entity

Unicode Code Point

Unicode Name

Left Arrow

Left

←

←, ←, ←

U+2190

LEFTWARDS ARROW

Up Arrow

Up

↑

↑, ↑, ↑

U+2191

UPWARDS ARROW

Right Arrow

Right

→

→, →, →

U+2192

RIGHTWARDS ARROW

Down Arrow

Down

↓

↓, ↓, ↓

U+2193

DOWNWARDS ARROW

Enter

↵

↵, ↵, ↵

U+21B5

DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH CORNER LEFTWARDS

Tab

↹

↹, ↹

U+21B9

LEFTWARDS ARROW TO BAR OVER RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR

Tab

⇥

⇥, ⇥

U+21E5

RIGHTWARDS ARROW TO BAR

Shift

⇧

⇧, ⇧

U+21E7

UPWARDS WHITE ARROW

Control

Ctrl

⌃

⌃, ⌃

U+2303

UP ARROWHEAD

Command

Cmd

⌘

⌘, ⌘

U+2318

PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN

Option

Opt

⌥

⌥, ⌥

U+2325

OPTION KEY

Delete

Del

⌫

⌫, ⌫

U+232B

ERASE TO THE LEFT

Line Endings#

In Windows, the lines of a file end in both a carriage return (CR) \r and a line feed (LF) \n character (whereas Linux and macOS only have the latter).

tr -d '\r' < file_windows.txt > file_linux.txt # convert Windows line endings to Linux line endings
sed -i 's/$/\r/' file_linux.txt                # convert Linux line endings to Windows line endings

logs

  • web server

  • DNS server

  • router

  • firewall

  • IDS

  • app

Linux

  • logs

    • /var/log/

      • /var/log/apache2/ access and error logs for the Apache web server

      • /var/log/auth.log user logins, privileged access, remote auth

      • /var/log/kern.log kernel logs

      • /var/log/messages general non-critical system info

      • /var/log/syslog general system logs

    • /etc/syslog.conf

    • /etc/rsyslog.conf

  • user files

    • /home/

  • history

    • ~/.bash_history/

    • echo $HISTFILE

  • temp files

    • /tmp/

    • /var/tmp/

    • echo $TMPDIR

macOS

  • logs

    • /var/log unix-ish system-wide event logging (apps stored in /usr/local or /opt)

      • /var/log/DiagnosticMessages mac analytics

      • /var/log/system.log system logs

    • /Library/Logs mac-ish system-wide event logs

      • /Library/Logs/Diagnosticreports system reports

    • ~/Library/Logs user app logs

      • ~/Library/Logs/DiagnosticReports user reports

    • https://developer.apple.com/documentation/os/logging

  • user files

    • /Users

  • history

    • ~/.bash_history

    • ~/.zsh_history

  • temp files

Windows

  • logs

    • Event Logs: c:\windows\system32\config\

  • user files

    • c:\Users

  • history

  • temp files

    • c:\windows\temp

    • %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local

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